What Is SMS Messaging?

By: Jennifer Hord  | 
Hands typing our an SMS message on a phone. 
Text messaging has replaced talking on the phone for some users.
Jupiterimages/©Getty Images/Thinkstock

Just when we're finally used to seeing everybody constantly talking on their cell phones, it suddenly seems like no one is talking at all. Instead, they're typing away on tiny numerical pads. But, what is SMS messaging, and why is it so popular?

In this article, we'll find out how text messaging works, explore its uses and learn why it sometimes takes a while for your text message to get to its recipient.

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What Does SMS Stand For?

SMS stands for short message service. Simply put, it is a method of communication that sends text between cell phones, or from a PC or handheld to a cell phone. But how do SMS text messages actually get to your phone? If you have read How Cell Phones Work, you can actually see what is happening.

Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone tower over a pathway called a control channel. The reason for this chatter is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the tower will exchange a packet of data that lets both of them know that everything is OK.

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Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play its ringtone. The tower also gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call.

The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination.

The actual data format for the message includes things like the length of the message, a time stamp, the destination phone number, the format, etc. For a complete byte-by-byte breakdown of the message format, see this page.

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Advantages of SMS

A graphic outlining the technology involved in SMS messaging.
SMS is a common method of sending short messages between cell phones. Find out how SMS works and learn about the advantages of text messaging.

SMS has several advantages. It is more discreet than a phone conversation, making it the ideal form for communicating when you don't want to be overheard. It is often less time-consuming to send a text message than to make a phone call or send an e-mail.

SMS is a store-and-forward service, meaning that when you send a text message to a friend, the message does not go directly to your friend's cell phone. The advantage of this method is that your friend's cell phone doesn't have to be active or in range for you to send a message. The message is stored in the SMSC (for days if necessary) until your friend turns his cell phone on or moves into range, at which point the message is delivered. The message will remain stored on your friend's SIM card until he deletes it.

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In addition to person-to-person messages, SMS marketing can be used to send a message to a large number of people at a time, either from a list of contacts or to all the users within a particular area. This service is called broadcasting and is used by companies to contact groups of employees or by online services to distribute news and other information to subscribers.

In a 2004 University of Plymouth study on the psychology of SMS users, researchers found that mobile phone users were primarily either "texters" or "talkers." Compared to the talkers, the texters sent nearly double the number of SMS messages and made less than half as many voice calls per month [source: Reid]. The texters preferred SMS to voice calls for its convenience as well as for the ability to review a message before sending it.

Companies have come up with many uses for the service beyond just your typical person-to-person message. Because SMS doesn't overload the network as much as phone calls, it is frequently used by TV shows to let viewers vote on a poll topic or for a contestant. As a promotional tool, wireless carriers put up giant screens­ at concerts and other large-scale events to display text messages from people in the audience.

You can use text messaging subscription services to get medication reminders sent to your phone, along with weather alerts, news headlines or even novels broken into 160-character "chapters." Internet search engines such as Yahoo! and Google have short messaging services that enable users to get information such as driving directions, movie showtimes or local business listings just by texting a query to the search engine's phone number. Social networking services such as Dodgeball use SMS to alert people who live in big cities when their friends or crushes are nearby. The possibilities for integrating SMS into your lifestyle seem endless.

Next, we'll discuss the disadvantages of SMS and look at some alternative communication technologies.

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SMS Criticism and Alternatives

Despite their popularity, short messaging services have received some criticism. Here are a few of the disadvantages of SMS:

  • You have to pay for it. Most wireless plans charge for a certain number of text messages a month. Some only charge for user-originated messages, while others charge for incoming messages as well. If you exceed your message allowance, you may be charged 10 cents per message, and those little charges can add up.
  • Speedy message delivery is not guaranteed. During periods of high traffic, it might be minutes or even hours before a message gets through.
  • It's strictly for sending text messages. SMS does not support sending pictures, video or music files.
Alternatives to SMS

Alternative messaging services allow for more elaborate types of messages. With EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service), you can send formatted text, sound effects, small pictures and icons. MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) allows you to send animations, audio and video files in addition to text. If your mobile phone is EMS- or MMS-enabled, you can use these standards just as you would SMS. However, the cost per message will be higher.

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Another alternative to using SMS is using an instant messaging program on your cell phone. This can be in the form of software that's pre-installed on your phone, or you can use WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to access the Internet and sign into your IM account. WAP is a protocol that gives you small, simplified versions of web pages that are easily navigable on your mobile phone (check out How WAP Works for more information). You can use it to send instant messages or actual e-mails from your phone.

A common complaint about SMS is its inefficient delivery structure -- when the message center is backed up, messages take longer to reach their destination. To make message delivery faster, networks are using more new next-generation technologies such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).

To learn more about SMS and other forms of mobile communication, check out the links on the following page.

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What Is SMS FAQ

What does SMS mean?
SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is the oldest method of sending text messages that was developed in the early 1980s and defined in 1985 as the GSM standard. SMS is regarded as the most widely used texting technology.
Can you send pictures via SMS?
SMS technology is limited to text messages made up of numbers, letters or symbols only, so you cannot send or receive pictures via SMS service.
What are the disadvantages of SMS?
Although SMS is popular, it’s also faced criticism. One of the major disadvantages of SMS is that you have to pay for texts. Many phone bundles include a monthly SMS package, but if you exceed the limit, you might be charged around 10 cents per text message. Another disadvantage is that SMS isn’t instant and sometimes, due to high traffic, it could take a while to get through to the receiving device. It also doesn’t support images or media files.
What is MMS?
MMS means Multimedia Messaging Service. MMS is an alternative to SMS technology that also allows users to send and receive multimedia messages such as GIFs, audio and video clips and image files. However, MMS costs more than SMS, with prices varying depending on the service provider and amount of data.

Lots More Information

Related Articles
More Great Links

  • Barkhuus, Louise and Anna Vallgarda. "Saying it All in 160 Characters: Four Classes of SMS Conversations." IT University of Copenhagen, April 2004. http://www1.itu.dk/graphics/ITU-library/Internet/Forskning/Technical_Reports /ITU-TR-2004-45.pdf
  • Burns, Enid. "Teens, College Students Are Most Active Cell Phone Users." Click Z Network, August 29, 2005. http://www.clickz.com/stats/sectors/wireless/article.php/3530886
  • Clements, Tom. "SMS - Short But Sweet." http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/midp/articles/sms
  • Coll, Steve. "In the Gulf, Dissidence Goes Digital." Washington Post, March 29, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A8175-2005Mar28?language=printer
  • Dybwad, Barb. "Morse Code Trumps SMS in Head-to-Head Speed Texting Combat." Engadget, May 6, 2005. http://engadget.com/entry/1234000463042528/
  • Dybwad, Barb. "Only 25 Percent of Americans Using SMS." Engadget, March 21, 2005. http://www.engadget.com/entry/1234000560036891/
  • Gupta, Puneet. "Short Message Service: What, How and Where?" http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/sms/features/sms.htm
  • "Lecturer May Sue After SMS Sacking." Independent Online, September 13, 2005. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=qw1126585085708B215
  • "Linked By Their Phones, Chinese Take to the Streets." Textually.org, April 25, 2005. http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/2005/04/008069.htm
  • Reid, Donna and Fraser Reid. "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging." http://www.160characters.org/documents/SocialEffectsofTextMessaging.pdf
  • Trosby, Finn. "SMS, The Strange Duckling of GSM." http://www.telenor.com/telektronnik/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_187-194.pdf

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